I spent a few years waking up somewhere around 3 A.M. to go to work—sometimes closer to midnight if we had a big order to fill. Thus is the life of the bread baker, and it’s been one of my favorite times in my life. Primarily because it meant I got a fresh loaf all to myself for breakfast (proper cooling time be damned!), but also because I learned so much about bread baking, knowledge that I now use at home. I may not be making dozens of loaves at once any more (I was a seriously speedy baguette-shaper once upon a time), but the single loaves I make in my home oven are far better for my years of dough duty.
The main lesson I took away was the importance of preferments in bread baking. A preferment is a mixture of dough that is mixed separately from the bread dough and allowed to ferment on its own prior to mixing the dough. Sometimes preferments are mixed the day before, fermenting slowly overnight. Other times, they are mixed only an hour or two before mixing the final dough.
There are different kinds of preferments with different ratios of ingredients. Most add a small amount of yeast to jump start fermentation; others rely on a lengthy rest period to allow the naturally occurring bacterias and yeast to do their thang. Some bread recipes are formulated to already use a preferment, but you can even tweak your favorite bread recipes to use one with a tiny bit of (very easy) math. This advance work provides huge benefits to your final dough: increased strength of the dough, more consistent hydration, and better flavor and aroma (due to higher levels of acidity, alcohol, and fermentation gases). They also allow you to use less yeast in your dough overall, and as we’ve learned, less yeast can mean better flavor!
You may already be familiar with one of the most popular types of preferments out there: sourdough! The increased presence of sourdough information out in the world made me wonder if folks were aware of the other kinds of preferments, all of which provide similar benefits—not as strong of flavor, of course, but with significantly less effort! I'm not suggesting you abandon your sourdough efforts, but read on for more choices which don’t require maintaining a feeding schedule:
- Understand baker's percentage.
- Plan ahead.
- Know your preferments.
- Crunch the numbers.
- Mix the preferment.
- Mix the dough.
1. Understand baker's percentage.
Before I can yap about preferments, I have to explain baker’s percentage—a fabulous tool when you’re tweaking a recipe, and a pretty important part of understanding how to make your own preferment. Baker’s percentage is a series of percentages based around the weight of the flour in a recipe. The base amount of flour in any dough recipe is always 100%, then the percentage of other ingredients is calculated in relation to the weight of the flour. You’re not trying to get the numbers to add up to 100%; you’re using flour as a guidepost for the percentage of other ingredients in the recipe. Don’t fret! It’s basic division and multiplication—and the prize is a more delicious loaf of bread, so I promise it’s worth it!
For example, if your dough recipe reads like this:
25.00 ounces bread flour
0.50 ounces active dry yeast
0.30 ounces kosher salt
20.00 ounces warm water
Right off the bat, flour is 100%. Then, all you have to do is divide the weight of the other ingredients by the weight of the flour to determine the baker’s percentage of each ingredient.
Yeast: 0.50 ounces / 25.00 ounces = 0.02 or 2%
Salt: 0.30 ounces / 25.00 ounces = 0.01 or 1%
Water: 20.00 ounces / 25.00 ounces = 0.80 or 80%
What does this do? It gives you information about the dough in question: You can tell a lot about the dough by how much yeast is in it (more yeast will mean a shorter fermentation time, higher levels of hydration make a dough more difficult to shape, etc.) But more importantly, it gives you the tools you need to tweak your bread recipes by adding a preferment. More on that later.
2. Plan ahead.
The only downside (in my mind) to using preferments is that they require a little advance planning. Whether your preferment takes a few hours to ferment or it needs to be made the day before you bake, think ahead. The good news is, any of these options will still come together more quickly than a sourdough starter!
2. Types of preferments.
There are six main types of preferments. The first two are sourdough and levain (which is a type of sourdough, with more hydration to produce different results). But this article focuses on the other four: poolish, biga, pâte fermentée (also called simply pre-fermented dough), and sponge. You can technically use any preferment wherever you feel like it (just by doing the appropriate math and possibly some light tweaking), but some types of preferments lean more towards certain kinds of dough than others—more on this below.
Poolish
Poolish is very liquid and has a high level of hydration, with a ratio of 100% flour : 100% water : 0.25% yeast. Usually, poolish is fermented at room temperature, and therefore it can’t have high levels of added yeast, or it may over-ferment! Ideal fermentation time for poolish is 15 to 18 hours. Poolish will look a big shaggy ball when just mixed, then it will transform into a very soupy, liquidy, almost batter-like dough.
One way to use it: Poolish is Polish in origin (thus the name!), and it's a very loose, liquid preferment once it's fermented. It tends to be used for firmer doughs, but that's not exclusive. Breads like baguettes, country loaves, and other crusty breads really love a poolish. I often say "use poolish when you can't use sourdough or levain," though that's a very general guideline.
| 1 | Poolish: |
| 2 | cups (9.55 ounces) bread flour |
| 1/4 | teaspoon (1 g) active dry yeast |
| 1 | cup (8.00 fl. ounces) room-temperature water |
| 1 | Pita Dough: |
| 6 | cups (25.50 ounces) bread flour |
| 2 3/4 | cups (12.00 ounces) whole wheat flour |
| 2 | teaspoons (8 g) kosher salt |
| 1 | tablespoon (12 g) active dry yeast |
| 3 1/4 | cups (26.00 ounces) warm water |
| 1/3 | cup (3.00 ounces) olive oil |
| 1 | Poolish: |
| 2 | cups (9.55 ounces) bread flour |
| 1/4 | teaspoon (1 g) active dry yeast |
| 1 | cup (8.00 fl. ounces) room-temperature water |
| 1 | Pita Dough: |
| 6 | cups (25.50 ounces) bread flour |
| 2 3/4 | cups (12.00 ounces) whole wheat flour |
| 2 | teaspoons (8 g) kosher salt |
| 1 | tablespoon (12 g) active dry yeast |
| 3 1/4 | cups (26.00 ounces) warm water |
| 1/3 | cup (3.00 ounces) olive oil |
Biga
Biga is stiffer, with a ratio of 100% flour : 55% water : 0.25% yeast. Like poolish, biga usually ferments at room temperature, so it can’t have too much added yeast. Ideal fermentation time for poolish is 15 to 18 hours. Biga will look very shaggy and not totally put-together when just mixed, but will loosen significantly after fermenation, looking more like a bread dough.
One way to use it: Biga is Italian in origin, and therefore is often used for ciabatta, focaccia, and other Italian breads. It can be used in other loaves as well. It's a firmer preferment, and often gets used in breads with a higher hydration, but that isn't exclusive.
| 2 1/4 | cups bread flour (9.55 ounces) |
| 1/4 | teaspoon instant yeast (1 g) (or 1/2 teaspoon/2 g active dry yeast) |
| 1 | cup room temperature water (8.00 ounces) |
| 2 1/4 | cups bread flour (9.55 ounces) |
| 1/4 | teaspoon instant yeast (1 g) (or 1/2 teaspoon/2 g active dry yeast) |
| 1 | cup room temperature water (8.00 ounces) |
| 3 cups | bread flour (12.75 ounces) |
| 1 | tablespoon instant yeast (12 g) (or 4 teaspoons/15 g active yeast) |
| 2 | teaspoons Kosher salt (8 g) |
| 1 1/2 | cups warm water (12.00 ounces) |
| Biga (above) |
| 3 cups | bread flour (12.75 ounces) |
| 1 | tablespoon instant yeast (12 g) (or 4 teaspoons/15 g active yeast) |
| 2 | teaspoons Kosher salt (8 g) |
| 1 1/2 | cups warm water (12.00 ounces) |
| Biga (above) |
Pâte Fermentée
Pâte fermentée is also sometimes called “pre-fermented dough” because originally, that’s what it was. Bread bakers would take a portion of the mixed bread dough and save it overnight, adding it to the next day’s dough. But those who don’t make bread every day can still make this preferment. It has a ratio of 100% flour : 60% water : 1% yeast, plus 2% salt. Salt is added to pâte fermentée because it’s made more like a bread dough. Because of the higher quantity of yeast, pâte fermentée doesn’t need as long a fermentation time—only about 4 to 6 hours at room temperature. I prefer to make it the day before, ferment it for 4 hours, then refrigerate it overnight until I’m ready to use it. Pâte fermentée will look similar to bread dough when it’s mixed, and will loosen slightly as it ferments.
One way to use it: Pâte fermentée is a firmer preferment and can be used in almost anything—it's especially great to use pâte fermentée for a bread you make regularly (are there any daily bread bakers out there?) because you can literally take a small portion of the dough you made, ferment it at room temp for 12 to 15 hours, then add it to your next dough!
| Pâte Fermentée: | |
| 1 3/4 | cups (7.45 ounces) bread flour |
| 1 | teaspoon (4 g) kosher salt |
| 1/3 | teaspoon (2 g) active dry yeast |
| 1/2 | cup (4.00 ounces) room-temperature water |
| Fougasse Dough: | |
| 2 2/3 | cups (11.00 ounces) bread flour |
| 1/2 | cup (2.00 ounces) whole wheat flour |
| 1/4 | teaspoon (1 g) active dry yeast |
| 1 | teaspoon (4 g) salt |
| 1 | cup plus 2 tablespoons (9.00 ounces) warm water |
| 3.00 | ounces (about 1/3 cup) prepared pâte fermentée (above) |
| Olive oil, as needed for finishing | |
| Black and white sesame seeds, as needed for finishing | |
| Flaky salt, as needed for finishing |
| Pâte Fermentée: | |
| 1 3/4 | cups (7.45 ounces) bread flour |
| 1 | teaspoon (4 g) kosher salt |
| 1/3 | teaspoon (2 g) active dry yeast |
| 1/2 | cup (4.00 ounces) room-temperature water |
| Fougasse Dough: | |
| 2 2/3 | cups (11.00 ounces) bread flour |
| 1/2 | cup (2.00 ounces) whole wheat flour |
| 1/4 | teaspoon (1 g) active dry yeast |
| 1 | teaspoon (4 g) salt |
| 1 | cup plus 2 tablespoons (9.00 ounces) warm water |
| 3.00 | ounces (about 1/3 cup) prepared pâte fermentée (above) |
| Olive oil, as needed for finishing | |
| Black and white sesame seeds, as needed for finishing | |
| Flaky salt, as needed for finishing |
Sponge
Sponge isn’t always included in lists of preferments, but I think it’s worth mentioning because it’s the traditional preferment for some of my favorite recipes! Sponge uses a ratio of 100% flour : 60% water : 1% yeast. Unlike other preferments, a sponge has a relatively short fermentation time (therefore, it uses more yeast than the other preferments—it needs it to jumpstart fermentation). Sponges generally ferment for 30 minutes to 1 1/2 hours, depending on the recipe (the more yeast in the sponge, the less fermentation time). Also unlike other preferments, a sponge is meant to be used as soon as it’s fermented: As soon as there are plenty of bubbles on the surface of the mixture, it’s ready to be added to the final dough.
One way to use it: Sponge is usually used for enriched doughs (sweet dough!), or items that benefit from a preferment but don't necessarily need more structure (bagels, bialys). Remember that structure is gained from lengthy fermentation time, and those doughs are mixed thoroughly to give them their tight crumb and chewy texture!
| 1 | Sponge: |
| 2 | cups (8.50 ounces) bread flour |
| 1/4 | teaspoon (1 g) active dry yeast |
| 1 1/4 | cups (10.00 ounces) room-temperature water |
| 1 | Caramelized Onions: |
| 2 | tablespoons olive oil |
| 2 | large sweet onions, thinly sliced |
| 1 | dash Salt and freshly ground black pepper, to taste |
| 1 | Bialy Dough: |
| 5 1/2 | cups (23.50 ounces) bread flour |
| 1/4 | teaspoon (1 g) active dry yeast |
| 1/2 | teaspoon (2 g) kosher salt |
| 1 | cup plus 2 tablespoons (9.00 ounces) warm water |
| 1 1/2 | cups shredded sharp white cheddar |
| 1 | Sponge: |
| 2 | cups (8.50 ounces) bread flour |
| 1/4 | teaspoon (1 g) active dry yeast |
| 1 1/4 | cups (10.00 ounces) room-temperature water |
| 1 | Caramelized Onions: |
| 2 | tablespoons olive oil |
| 2 | large sweet onions, thinly sliced |
| 1 | dash Salt and freshly ground black pepper, to taste |
| 1 | Bialy Dough: |
| 5 1/2 | cups (23.50 ounces) bread flour |
| 1/4 | teaspoon (1 g) active dry yeast |
| 1/2 | teaspoon (2 g) kosher salt |
| 1 | cup plus 2 tablespoons (9.00 ounces) warm water |
| 1 1/2 | cups shredded sharp white cheddar |
3. Doing the math.
Okay, now that you know what each preferment is, how can you incorporate it into your favorite bread recipe? Back to your newfound knowledge of baker’s percentage! Don’t get nervous on me—I promise it’s easy, and when you’re done, you get to eat really incredible bread!
Say we want to take our imaginary bread recipe from before and make it with a biga. Right now it looks like this:
25.00 ounces bread flour (100%)
0.50 ounces active dry yeast (2%)
0.30 ounces kosher salt (1%)
20.00 ounces warm water (80%)
We know the ratios of each type of preferment, but how do you get the ingredient amounts for the preferment from the original dough? Start with the flour. A good range for the weight of the preferment flour is 20 to 30% of the total weight of flour in the recipe—so let’s say 25% in this case.
So 25.00 ounces x 0.25 = 6.25 ounces. This will be the base amount of flour for the preferment. From there, we have to take the ratios from the biga itself (55% water and 0.25% yeast, depending on the length of fermentation time) to determine the amounts of the other ingredients.
Water: 6.25 ounces x 0.55 = 3.45 ounces
Yeast: 6.25 ounces x 0.025 = 0.15 ounces
So now our finished preferment recipe looks like this:
Biga:
6.25 ounces bread flour
3.45 ounces water
0.15 ounces active dry yeast
All that’s left to do is subtract the amounts of these ingredients from the original recipe. Ingredients that aren’t in the preferment (in this case, salt), won’t be affected. Remember, the base level of flour in the final dough is always 100%, so the percentages change all across the dough!
Biga:
6.25 ounces bread flour (33%)
3.45 ounces water (18%)
0.15 ounces active dry yeast (less than 1%)
Final Dough:
18.75 ounces bread flour (100%)
0.35 ounces active dry yeast (2%)
0.30 ounces kosher salt (1%)
16.55 ounces warm water (88%)
And that’s it! The good news is, you only have to do this math if you’re trying to alter an existing favorite recipe to use a preferment. If a recipe uses a preferment to begin with, you’re good to go—just make and bake!
4. Mixing the preferment.
Preferments couldn’t be easier to mix. I usually do it by hand in a bowl with a wooden spoon or spatula, but you can absolutely make it in your mixer with the dough attachment. You’ll want to use room-temperature water to mix your preferment, unless your recipe directs otherwise.
First, stir your dry ingredients together to combine. Then, add the water and mix until the ingredients are homogenous. Keep in mind that homogenous doesn’t have to mean smooth—some preferments will look pretty shaggy and messy when first mixed, but they will loosen up as they ferment. Don’t be tempted to veer from your recipe; unless you see visibly dry pockets of flour, keep the water ratios intact, then cover the preferment and let fermentation do its work!
5. Mixing the dough.
Most preferments are added at the beginning of mixing, along with the other ingredients. Some recipes may suggest adding the preferment once the dough has started to come together—that’s fine too. Trust the recipe, but if you’re making your own recipe, it’s safe to add it right from the get go. Otherwise, just follow the recipe according to it’s original instructions!
Erin McDowell is a baking aficionado, writer, stylist, and Test Kitchen Manager at Food52. She is currently writing a cookbook. You can learn more about her here.
Have you used preferments? Do you like how they affect your bread? Share your secrets with us!
Written by: Erin Jeanne McDowell
Popular on Food52
34 Comments
I plan on experimenting with the baker's math and yeast water. There is a really cute kid with a fun accent on youtube PPG Baker for anyone interested in tackling yeast water. The other is Cook Like a German.
Anyhow, this was very helpful and I can't wait to play with what I've learned here. The baker's math works just as I thought it would regarding the 4 preferments discussed in your article. I assume it will work with the yeast water by considering the liquid.
Thank you, so much for writing this. I'm thankful I stumbled onto it. If you have any tips, please feel free to email me. I'm on your list.
you said, just for example, like biga, I think you use cups and spoon measurement to match the final number. so somehow, I am adapting the ciabatta recipe up there, if I use cups as a measurement when flour is 100% that is 2 1/4 c, and its 55% is 1.2375 cups which is just a little over a cup of water, so the recipe calls 1 cup approximately, and 1/4 tsp as 0.25 % of yeast. so it looks ok to me. but if I use OZ as a measurement then the story is different. when flour is used 9.55 oz as a 100%, then water should be used only
5.25oz to meet its 55% requirement. and yeast should be used only o.o2 oz. so my question is which measure should I use?... the recipe that I know is using poolish to make NY style bagels, and its poolish recipe is 272G flour to 272 G water and 1/4 tsp of yeast. so using two different metrics. Gram and spoon. ...hmm am I going to far?...
it some math problem seizes my ankle I can't help it but I need to know exactly. and there is no one who is smart enough to know about baking science but you right now.
Please..help me...
Can I use my sourdough starter in place of instant yeast for the 4 preferments that you listed? I am trying to get away from using instant yeast.
She didn't discuss sourdough starter, but it was the 5th one, so it would be treated like all the others as far as the math goes. Hope this makes sense. It does in my head.
I plan on converting my favorite recipe.
My recipe also uses milk so how do I covert water to milk? Can I use milk instead in my pre-ferments or do I need to use powdered milk?
Thanks
Bread baking is my new addiction!!!
The pinch of dough will continue to rise, even in the fridge if kept for more than a day. I'm not sure it would last more than a few days.
I also wanted to tell you that this will come in handy for my kids as well. They love to bake and cook and because we homeschool, this will be incorporated into some of their lessons. #WeDoUseMathInRealLife
Since I am into using natural yeasts, what would be the use of a preferment? Or do I skip everything and simply follow the sourdough recipes? I want to gain as much flavor as possible, so any tips on how to get that from natural yeast starters only would be appreciated. Thanks!
I have two general questions. One is, how would you choose a kind of pre ferment over the other if you wanted to adapt a recipe? A poolish or biga or pate fermente?
The second general question is regarding using preferments vs bulk retardation.
Up till now I have had such great success with bulk retardation. I mix the dough, give it one rise at ambient temp. deflate and stick it in the fridge overnight or longer and the taste and texture of the final bread is so much improved. In my home there is no comparison between a dough that just got one rise at room temperature the shaped, proofed and baked and one that got an additional long slow rise in fridge. Even with enriched doughs, such as brioche (rich or light), sweet doughs such as for cinnamon rolls and doughs that have pumpkin or sweet potato I have repeatedly found this to be the case. And certainly for lean simple doughs like pizza, baguette, some flat breads, this is very true.
So my question is, can you achieve by bulk retardation what you do using a preferment? Shouldn’t it be the same chemistry going on? Which begs the question, if I were to do the reverse and merge the ingredients in a bread recipe that calls for a separate pre ferment at mix it all at once and do a long bulk retardation would I not make a similar bread?
Thank you!
Thanks-
Very interesting article. However, I think your math is wrong for the yeast calculations. In your example you multiply by 0.025, which would be 2.5%. Instead, you should multiply by 0.0025 for the 0.25%
There is a term known as the "crabtree effect" in the fermentation process for both doughs and home brews that goes into a lot more scientific detail.
However, more briefly, yeast goes through an optimal number of cycles when multiplying, and it is that optimal growth of more than just one healthy yeast cell in a starter that not only produces a better flavor, but gives the dough a jump start, also reducing kneading time.
I have one question, for the sponge, you said that it is used in enriched doughs, so does this mean I can use it for a brioche or Babka?
An updated version with metric mass and volume units is here: https://food52.com/recipes/40561-buttermilk-oatmeal-bread-updated (I could not revise the original one as it was locked by the editors, as all finalist recipes are.)
Join The Conversation