If I am baking and I don't have parchment, I first thoroughly butter and then toss a couple of tablespoons of flour into the pan. Knock and shake the flour throughout the pan so that there is a fine dusting over all of the interior surfaces, then shake out and discard the excess flour. Once the cake is finished baking, I usually time a ten-minute cooling period in the pan (set it on a bakers rack to allow the bottom to cool). I then invert the cake in its pan over the (oiled) rack to remove it from the pan and allow it to cool completely. Coffee filters do not prevent sticking so won't accomplish this.
I'm not sure with what sort of batter or baked good you are trying to make this substitution, but no would be my immediate response.
Parchment paper is not really "paper," in the truest sense of the word. It is coated, on both sides, with a very thin layer of silicone, making it lightly "nonstick," but not as repellant as a silpat (a silicone baking mat.) If you don't have parchment paper at your disposal, just brush what you are baking on with room temp (not melted) butter. This will generally do the trick. Or you can brush butter onto aluminum foil.
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Parchment paper is designed to be a non-stick surface by repelling water, fat and other ingredients.
Coffee filters are designed to absorb liquid and let some of it pass through.
They are designed for completely different applications.
Possible substitutes for a coffee filter might be a paper towel, cheesecloth, or even an old tea towel.
Possible substitutes for parchment paper might be waxed paper, plastic wrap, or aluminum foil.
One needs to look at how an item is supposed to function and use the appropriate tool (or reasonable substitute).
Good luck.
Parchment paper is not really "paper," in the truest sense of the word. It is coated, on both sides, with a very thin layer of silicone, making it lightly "nonstick," but not as repellant as a silpat (a silicone baking mat.) If you don't have parchment paper at your disposal, just brush what you are baking on with room temp (not melted) butter. This will generally do the trick. Or you can brush butter onto aluminum foil.